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Orbital Wall Segmentation AI (Thin-WallNet)

3D automatic segmentation of the orbital wall

Xu J. · 2023 · China · doi:10.1007/s11548-023-02924-z
Open DOI
Segmentation CNN CT Internally validated
More attributes
Anatomy · OrbitConditions · Orbital wallSingle-centern = 100 patients · 200 CT images images
§01Overview

Brief overview

This study developed a 3D deep learning segmentation network for automated orbital wall reconstruction from CT imaging, with a focus on difficult thin-wall regions of the orbital floor and medial wall. The model used a modified V-Net architecture with DenseASPP-based multi-scale feature extraction and thin-wall supervision in the loss function. Across 100 retrospectively collected CT scans from a single Chinese center (70 train/30 test), the network achieved Dice scores of 96.1% for the whole orbital wall and 91.5% for thin-wall regions, outperforming conventional thresholding, region-growing, U-Net, and V-Net approaches. Average segmentation time was 4.05 seconds per orbit. No external validation, public code, pretrained weights, calibration analysis, or clinical deployment were reported.

§02Performance
Headline performance

WOW: Dice 96.1%, IoU 92.5%, 95HD 0.51 mm.

Full metrics — as reported
WOW: Dice 96.1%, IoU 92.5%, 95HD 0.51 mm.
TW: Dice 91.5%, IoU 84.3%, 95HD 0.48 mm.
Runtime ≈ 4 seconds per orbit.
Calibration · Uncertainty
Not reported.
Bias · Fairness
Not reported.
§03Data & Validation
Study designMethodological/development-only
Center typeSingle-center
Patients100
Images / eyes200 CT images
Split70/0/30
Reporting frameworks None stated
Age rangeNot reported
Sex (% female)Not reported
Race / ethnicity reportedN
Subgroup performanceN
§04Deployment
Deployment maturity
  1. Concept
  2. Prototype
  3. Internal val.
  4. External val.
  5. Regulator
  6. Clinical
Regulatory status
None No FDA / Health Canada / CE clearance.
Artifacts & license
Code repository none
Pretrained weights none
Live demo none
License Not specified
§05Quality Review · APPRAISE-AI
Total score
38 /100 Low
ClinicalDataMethodRobust.Report.Repro.
Sub-domain scores
Clinical relevance 4/4 100%
Data quality 8/24 33%
Methodological conduct 6/20 30%
Robustness of results 5/20 25%
Reporting quality 9/12 75%
Reproducibility 6/20 30%
Why this score?

The APPRAISE-AI tool grades AI/ML medical studies across 24 items in 6 subdomains, scored independently by two reviewers. The total reflects the methodological transparency of the publication — not the underlying clinical value of the model.

How to read this: high scores in clinical relevance and reporting with low scores in methodological conduct, robustness, or reproducibility is the dominant pattern in ophthalmic AI today.

Quality bands: Low <40 · Moderate 40–59 · High 60–79 · Very High 80+. Most published ophthalmic AI sits in the Low–Moderate band; studies that break into High typically combine multi-center datasets, prospective evaluation, and open-source release.

§06Full Metadata
Citation & identification
Bibliographic record
Model IDoculoplastics_xu_2023
Full author listZhang, D., Wang, C., Zhou, H., Li, Y., & Chen, X.
JournalInt J Comput Assist Radiol Surg
DOI10.1007/s11548-023-02924-z
ConditionsOrbital wall
Architecture
Model internals
Architecture familyCNN
Architecture detailV-Net–based multi-scale CNN with DenseASPP
Funding & conflicts
Disclosures
FundingNatural Science Foundation of China (81971709; M-0019; 82011530141)' the Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (20490740700)' Shanghai Jiao Tong University Foundation on Medical and Technological Joint Science Research (YG2021ZD21; YG2021QN72; YG2022QN056; YG2023ZD15; YG2023ZD19); SJTU Global Strategic Partnership Fund (2021 SJTU-HUJI, 2023 SJTU-CORNELL); Cross disciplinary Research Fund of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (JYJC202115); Translation Clinical R&D Project of Medical Robot of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (IMR-NPH202002); Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai Eye Disease Research Center (2022ZZ01003)
Conflicts of interestNo conflicts
Card lifecycle
Status, version, reviewers
Card statusPublished
Card versionv1.0.0
First added2026-04-28
Last reviewed2026-04-28
Reviewersattribution opt-in pending
Update history
Card changelog
  • 2026-04-28 initial publication (v1.0.0)
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