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§Model Card

Blepharoptosis Morphology Analysis AI (Attention R2U-Net)

Automated measurement of eyelid morphology (MRD1/2, lid lengths, corneal and fissure areas) from pre- and postoperative photographs

Lou L. · 2021 · China, UK · doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.2009127
Open DOI
Segmentation CNN External photo Internally validated
More attributes
Anatomy · EyelidConditions · BlepharoptosisSingle-centern = 103 patients · 135 eyes images
§01Overview

Brief overview

This study developed an Attention R2U-Net–based deep learning system to automatically segment eyelids and corneal limbus from standard facial photographs and quantify periocular morphology before and after blepharoptosis surgery. Trained on 4,138 eyes and tested on 135 ptotic eyes from a single Chinese center, the model achieved Dice coefficients of 0.962–0.964 and excellent agreement with surgeon-measured MRD1/MRD2 values (ICC 0.934–0.971), with repeat automated measurements showing near-perfect reproducibility. Beyond MRD measurements, the system quantified eyelid length, corneal area, and postoperative contour symmetry using MPLDs. No external validation, calibration analysis, regulatory approval, or public code/weights were reported, and the platform remained a research-stage image analysis tool.

§02Performance
Headline performance

Segmentation Dice: eyelid 0.96, cornea 0.96.

Full metrics — as reported
Segmentation Dice: eyelid 0.96, cornea 0.96.
MRD agreement with manual: ICC 0.93–0.97; bias 0.09–0.15 mm.
Excellent automated repeatability (ICC up to 0.999).
Calibration · Uncertainty
Not reported.
Bias · Fairness
Not reported.
§03Data & Validation
Study designRetrospective cohort
Center typeSingle-center
Patients103
Images / eyes135 eyes
SplitNot reported
Reporting frameworks None stated
Age range6.3
Sex (% female)Not reported
Race / ethnicity reportedN
Subgroup performanceN
§04Deployment
Deployment maturity
  1. Concept
  2. Prototype
  3. Internal val.
  4. External val.
  5. Regulator
  6. Clinical
Regulatory status
None No FDA / Health Canada / CE clearance.
Artifacts & license
Code repository none
Pretrained weights none
Live demo none
License Not specified
§05Quality Review · APPRAISE-AI
Total score
41 /100 Moderate
ClinicalDataMethodRobust.Report.Repro.
Sub-domain scores
Clinical relevance 3/4 75%
Data quality 13/24 54%
Methodological conduct 6/20 30%
Robustness of results 4/20 20%
Reporting quality 8/12 67%
Reproducibility 7/20 35%
Why this score?

The APPRAISE-AI tool grades AI/ML medical studies across 24 items in 6 subdomains, scored independently by two reviewers. The total reflects the methodological transparency of the publication — not the underlying clinical value of the model.

How to read this: high scores in clinical relevance and reporting with low scores in methodological conduct, robustness, or reproducibility is the dominant pattern in ophthalmic AI today.

Quality bands: Low <40 · Moderate 40–59 · High 60–79 · Very High 80+. Most published ophthalmic AI sits in the Low–Moderate band; studies that break into High typically combine multi-center datasets, prospective evaluation, and open-source release.

§06Full Metadata
Citation & identification
Bibliographic record
Model IDoculoplastics_lou_2021
Full author listCao, J., Wang, Y., Gao, Z., Jin, K., Xu, Z., Zhang, Q., Huang, X., & Ye, J.
JournalAnn Med
DOI10.1080/07853890.2021.2009127
ConditionsBlepharoptosis
Architecture
Model internals
Architecture familyCNN
Architecture detailAttention R2U-Net segmentation pipeline with automated landmark and scale detection
Funding & conflicts
Disclosures
FundingNational Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82000948); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81870635); Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Plan (No. 2019C03020); National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFC0118400)
Conflicts of interestNo conflicts
Card lifecycle
Status, version, reviewers
Card statusPublished
Card versionv1.0.0
First added2026-04-28
Last reviewed2026-04-28
Reviewersattribution opt-in pending
Update history
Card changelog
  • 2026-04-28 initial publication (v1.0.0)
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